Demand-oriented adjustment of the cooling air flow rate through the engine compartment by means of shutters or flaps:

• Reduction of drag coefficient cD at partial load

Demand-oriented adjustment of coolant flow rate:

• Reduction of the coolant pump output for partial load

Hot cooling of engine by increasing the coolant temperature for partial load from 90 °C to 110 °C:

• Reduction of friction power losses of the engine